電子專業(yè)英語(yǔ)（1）

常見英文縮寫解釋（按字母順序排列）：

ASIC:  Application Specific Integrated Circuit.  專用IC

CPLD:  Complex Programmable Logic Device.  復(fù)雜可編程邏輯器件

EDA:   Electronic Design Automation.    電子設(shè)計(jì)自動(dòng)化

FPGA:  Field Programmable Gate Array.  現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程 門陣列

GAL:   Generic Array Logic.                 通用陣列邏輯

HDL:   Hardware Description Language.    硬件描述語(yǔ)言

IP:     Intelligent Property.          智能模塊

PAL:   Programmable Array Logic.   可編程陣列邏輯

RTL:   Register Transfer Level.   寄存器傳輸級(jí)描述）

SOC:   System On a Chip.                片上系統(tǒng)

SLIC:   System Level IC.                   系統(tǒng)級(jí)IC

VHDL:  Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language.     超高速集成電路硬件描述語(yǔ)言

A
　　ASIC（專用集成電路）
　　Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. A piece of custom-designed hardware
　　 in a chip.專用集成電路。一個(gè)在一個(gè)芯片上定制設(shè)計(jì)的硬件。
　　address bus （地址總線）
　　A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripher
　　als withwhich itcommunicates. The address bus is used by the processor to select aspecific memory location or register within a particular peripheral. If the address bus contains n electrical lines, the processor can uniquely address up to 2^n such locations.一個(gè)連接處理器與所有外設(shè)的，用來通訊的電子線路集。地址總線被處理器用來選擇在特定外設(shè)中的存儲(chǔ)器地址或寄存器。如果地址總線有n條電子線路，處理器能唯一尋址高達(dá)2^n的地址空間。
　　application software（應(yīng)用軟件）
　　Describes software modules specific to a particular embedded project. The application software is unlikely to be reusable across embedded platforms, simply because each embedded system has a different application.
　　用來描述一個(gè)特定的嵌入式項(xiàng)目中的某一軟件模塊。應(yīng)用軟件不象可重用的交叉嵌入式平臺(tái)，只是因?yàn)槊恳粋€(gè)嵌入式系統(tǒng)有不同的應(yīng)用軟件。
　　assembler（匯編編譯器）
　　A software development tool that translates human-readable assembly language programs into machine-language instructions that the processor can understandand execute.
　　一個(gè)能把人可讀的匯編語(yǔ)言程序轉(zhuǎn)換到處理器可理解和運(yùn)行的機(jī)器指令的軟件開發(fā)工具。
　　assembly language（匯編語(yǔ)言）
　　A human-readable form of a processor"s instruction set. Most processor-specific functions must be written in assembly language.
　　一種人可讀的處理器指令集的形式。大多數(shù)處理器相關(guān)的功能必須用匯編語(yǔ)言編寫。

B
　　BSP（板卡支持包）
　　See board support package.
　　見board support package。
　　binary semaphore(二元信號(hào))
　　A type of semaphore with just two states. Also called a mutex.
　　一種只有兩種狀態(tài)的信號(hào)。也叫互斥信號(hào)。
　　board support package（板卡支持包）
　　Part of a software package that is processor or platform-dependent. Typicall
　　y,sample source code for the board support package is provided by the package developer. The sample code must be modified as necessary, compiled, and linked with the remainder of the software package.
　　軟件包的具有平臺(tái)依賴性的那一部分。典型地，板卡支持包的樣例源程序由包開發(fā)者提供。樣例源程序必須能在需要時(shí)被修改、編譯并與軟件包的剩下的部分連接起來。
　　bond-out processor （外合處理器）
　　A special version of a processor that has some of the internal signals brought out to external pins. A bond-out processor is most often found within an 　emulator and is never intended to be used in a production system.
　　 一種特殊版本的處理器，它有一些，內(nèi)部的信號(hào)能傳達(dá)到外置的針腳上。一個(gè)外合處理器絕大多數(shù)情況下只用在模擬器上，從來不會(huì)被特意用在產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)上。
　　Breakpoint （斷點(diǎn)）
　　A location in a program at which execution is to be stopped and control of the processor switched to the debugger. Mechanisms for creating and removing
　　breakpoints are provided by most debugging tools.
　　 一個(gè)在程序中的地址，在那里程序的執(zhí)行被停止，并且處理器的控制轉(zhuǎn)換到了除錯(cuò)程
　　序。大多數(shù)除錯(cuò)工具提供增加與刪除一個(gè)斷點(diǎn)的機(jī)制。

C
　　CISC（復(fù)雜指令集計(jì)算機(jī)）
　　Complex Instruction Set Computer. Describes the architecture of a processor family. CISC processors generally feature variable-length instructions, multiple addressing formats, and contain only a small number of general-purpose 　　registers. Intel"s 80x86 family is the quintessential example of CISC. Contrast with RISC.
　　 復(fù)雜指令集計(jì)算機(jī)。對(duì)一種處理器架構(gòu)的描述。CISC處理器一般產(chǎn)生變長(zhǎng)的指令，多種地址格式，并且僅僅有少量的通用寄存器。Intel的80x86家族是是典型的CISC處理器。相對(duì)于RISC而言。
　　CPU（中央處理器）
　　Central Processing Unit. The part of a processor that executes instructions.
　　中央處理器。處理器中執(zhí)行指令的那一部分。
　　Compiler（編譯器）
　　A software development tool that translates high-level language programs into the machine-language instructions that a particular processor can understand and execute.
　　把高級(jí)編程語(yǔ)言程序轉(zhuǎn)換到只有特定的處理器能了解和執(zhí)行的機(jī)器指令的一種軟件開發(fā)包。
　　context （上下文）
　　The current state of the processor"s registers and flags.
　　處理器當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)和標(biāo)志。
　　context switch（上下文切換）
　　The process of switching from one task to another in a multitasking operating system. A context switch involves s**ing the context of the running ask and restoring the previously-s**ed context of the other. The piece of code that does this is necessarily processor-specific.
　　在多任務(wù)操作系統(tǒng)中我一個(gè)任務(wù)切換到另一個(gè)的過程。上下文切換包括保存正在運(yùn)行的任務(wù)的上下文和恢復(fù)早先保存的另一個(gè)任務(wù)的上下文。做這個(gè)工作的一段代碼必須具有處理器特權(quán)。
　　counting semaphore（計(jì)數(shù)信號(hào)）
　　A type of semaphore that is used to track multiple resources of the same typ
　　e. An attempt to take a counting semaphore is blocked only if all of the **a
　　ilable resources are in use. Contrast with binary semaphore.
　　一種用來跟蹤多個(gè)相同類型資源的信號(hào)燈。僅僅在所有可用的資源都被用完了時(shí)才阻塞。相對(duì)二元信號(hào)而言。
　　critical section（臨界段）
　　A block of code that must be executed in sequence and without interruption
　　to guarantee correct operation of the software. See also race condition.
　　一段必須按次序執(zhí)行的代碼，并且不能被中斷，否則不能保證軟件正確地操作。參照：
　　競(jìng)爭(zhēng)狀況。
　　cross-compiler（交叉編譯器）
　　 A compiler that runs on a different platform than the one for which it produces object code. A cross-compiler runs on a host computer and produces object code for the target.
　　一個(gè)運(yùn)行在不同的平臺(tái)上的編譯器，其中之一能產(chǎn)生目標(biāo)代碼。交叉編譯器在主機(jī)上運(yùn)行并且產(chǎn)生目標(biāo)機(jī)的目標(biāo)代碼。

D
　　DMA（直接內(nèi)存訪問）
　　Direct Memory Access. A technique for transferring data directly between two peripherals (usually memory and an I/O device) with only minimal intervention by the processor. DMA transfers are managed by a third peripheral called a DMA controller.
　　直接內(nèi)存訪問。一種直接在兩個(gè)外設(shè)（通常是內(nèi)存和I/O設(shè)備）之間進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)募夹g(shù)，它只要處理器最少的介入。DMA傳輸由叫DMA控制器的第三方外設(shè)進(jìn)行管理。
　　DRAM（動(dòng)態(tài)隨機(jī)訪問存儲(chǔ)器）
　　Dynamic Random-Access Memory. A type of RAM that maintains its contents only as long as the data stored in the device is refreshed at regular intervals.
　　 The refresh cycles are usually performed by a peripheral called a DRAM controller.
　　動(dòng)態(tài)隨機(jī)訪問存儲(chǔ)器。一種RAM，存儲(chǔ)在其設(shè)備中的數(shù)據(jù)被定期刷新時(shí)才能保存它的內(nèi)容。刷新周期一般由一個(gè)叫DRAM控制器的外設(shè)完成。
　　Data bus（數(shù)據(jù)總線）
　　A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripher
　　als with which it communicates. When the processor wants to read (write) the
　　 contents of a memory location or register within a particular peripheral, it sets the address bus pins appropriately and receives (transmits) the contents on the data bus.
　　連接處理器與所有外設(shè)進(jìn)行通訊的電子線路集。當(dāng)一個(gè)處理器想去寫（讀）某一特定外設(shè)中的存儲(chǔ)器地址或寄存器中的內(nèi)容時(shí)，處理器設(shè)置地址總線并在數(shù)據(jù)總線上接收（傳輸）內(nèi)容。

Deadline（死線）
　　The time at which a particular set of computations must be completed. See also real-time system.一個(gè)特定計(jì)算必須被完成的時(shí)間。請(qǐng)看實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)。
　　Deadlock（死鎖）
　　An unwanted software situation in which an entire set of tasks is blocked, w　　aiting for an event that only a task within the same set can cause. If a deadlock occurs, the only solution is to reset the hardware. However, it is usually possible to prevent deadlocks altogether by following certain software design practices.
　　一種不希望出現(xiàn)的軟件狀態(tài)，在這個(gè)狀態(tài)下，所有的任務(wù)因?yàn)榈却粋€(gè)只有在這些被阻塞任務(wù)之一才能產(chǎn)生的事件而被阻塞。如果死鎖發(fā)生，唯一解決的方法是重啟動(dòng)硬件。但是，通過可靠的軟件設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)通?？梢苑乐顾梨i的發(fā)生。
　　debug monitor（除錯(cuò)監(jiān)視程序）
　　A piece of embedded software that has been designed specifically for use as a debugging tool. It usually resides in ROM and communicates with a debugger via a serial port or network connection. The debug monitor provides a set of primitive commands to view and modify memory locations and registers, create and remove breakpoints, and execute your program. The debugger combines these primitives to fulfill higher-level requests like program download and single-step.
　　嵌入式軟件被特殊設(shè)計(jì)來作為除錯(cuò)工具的一部分。它一般被放在ROM中，通過串口或網(wǎng)絡(luò)與除錯(cuò)器進(jìn)行通訊。除錯(cuò)監(jiān)視程序提供一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的命令集來顯示和內(nèi)存地址和寄存器、建立和移除斷點(diǎn)，并且運(yùn)行你的程序。除錯(cuò)監(jiān)視器組合這些簡(jiǎn)單的命令去實(shí)現(xiàn)象程序下載各單步調(diào)試等高端的請(qǐng)求。
　　Debugger（除錯(cuò)器）
　　A software development tool used to test and debug embedded software. The debugger runs on a host computer and connects to the target through a serial port or network connection. Using a debugger you can download software to the target for immediate execution. You can also set breakpoints and examine the contents of specific memory locations and registers.
　　一個(gè)軟件開發(fā)工具，被用來對(duì)嵌入式軟件進(jìn)行測(cè)試和除錯(cuò)。除錯(cuò)器在宿主機(jī)上運(yùn)行并且通過串口或網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接到目標(biāo)機(jī)上。你能使用除錯(cuò)器下載軟件到目標(biāo)機(jī)并直接運(yùn)行。你也可以設(shè)置斷點(diǎn)并檢查特定內(nèi)存地址或寄存器的內(nèi)容。
　　device driver（設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序）
　　A software module that hides the details of a particular peripheral and prov
　　ides a high-level programming inte**ce to it.
　　 一個(gè)軟件模塊，它隱藏特定外設(shè)的細(xì)節(jié)并提供高級(jí)的外設(shè)編程接口。
　　device programmer（設(shè)備編程器）
　　A tool for programming non-volatile memories and other electrically-programmable devices. Typically, the programmable device is inserted into a socket on the device programmer and the contents of a memory buffer are then transferred into it.
　　一種用來對(duì)不揮發(fā)內(nèi)存和其他電可編程設(shè)備進(jìn)行編程的工具。典型地，可編程設(shè)備被插到設(shè)備編程器的接口上，接著內(nèi)存緩存器中的內(nèi)容被傳送到它里面。
　　digital signal processor（數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器）
　　A device that is similar to a microprocessor, except that the internal CPU has been optimized for use in applications involving discrete-time signal processing. In addition to standard microprocessor instructions, DSPs usually support a set of complex instructions to perform common signal-processing com　putations quickly.Common DSP families are TI"s 320Cxx and Motorola"s 5600x series.
　　 一種類似于微處理器的的設(shè)備，不同的是它內(nèi)部的CPU被優(yōu)化，用于特定的應(yīng)用，如離散信號(hào)處理。除了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的微處理器指令外，DSP常常支持復(fù)雜指令集去非?？斓赝瓿赏ㄓ玫男盘?hào)處理計(jì)算。通用DSP家庭是TI的320Cxx和Motorola的5600x系列。

E
　　EEPROM（電可擦的，可編程的只讀存儲(chǔ)器）
　　Electrically Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. (Pronounced"Double-E"-PROM.) A type of ROM that can be erased electronically.
　　電可擦的，可編程的只讀存儲(chǔ)器。一種ROM能被電擦除。
　　EPROM（可擦的，可編程的只讀存儲(chǔ)器）
　　Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultr**iolet light. Once erased, an EPROM can be reprogrammed with the help of a device programmer.
　　一種可用紫外線擦除的存儲(chǔ)器。一次擦除后，EPROM可以在設(shè)備編程器的幫助下被重編程。
　　embedded system（嵌入式系統(tǒng)）
　　A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the case
of an anti-lock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer.
　　 計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件的結(jié)合體，或許還加上機(jī)械等其他部分，被設(shè)計(jì)來完成專門的功能。在一些情況下，嵌入式系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)大的系統(tǒng)或產(chǎn)品的一部分，就象汽車上的防抱死裝置。與通用計(jì)算機(jī)相對(duì)。
　　Emulator(仿真器)
　　Short for In-Circuit Emulator (ICE). A debugging tool that takes the placeof
　　-emulates-the processor on your target board. Emulators frequently incorporate a special "bond-out" version of the target processor that allows you to observe and record its internal state as your program is executing. 在線仿真器的簡(jiǎn)寫。一個(gè)在你的目標(biāo)板上放置仿真的處理器的調(diào)試工具。仿真器經(jīng)常和一目標(biāo)處理器的一種“外合”版本合在一起，這個(gè)版本的的處理器充許你運(yùn)行程序時(shí)觀察和記錄它的內(nèi)部狀態(tài)。
　　Executable（可執(zhí)行的）
　　A file containing object code that is ready for execution on the target. All
　　 that remains is to place the object code into a ROM or download it via a de
　　bugging tool. 一個(gè)包含準(zhǔn)備在目標(biāo)機(jī)上運(yùn)行的目標(biāo)代碼的文件。放置目標(biāo)代碼到ROM中或通過調(diào)試工具下載。

F
　　Firmware（固件）
　　Embedded software that is stored as object code within a ROM. This name is most common among the users of digital signal processors.
　　是作為目標(biāo)代碼存貯在ROM中的嵌入式軟件。這個(gè)名字在數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器的用戶中相當(dāng)流行。
　　flash memory （閃存）
　　A RAM-ROM hybrid that can be erased and rewritten under software control. Such devices are divided into blocks, called sectors, that are individually-er
　　asable. Flash memory is common in systems that require nonvolatile data storage at very low cost. In some cases, a large fash memory may even be used instead of a disk-drive.
　　 一種RAM-ROM的混血兒，它能在軟件的控制下被擦除和重寫。一些設(shè)備被分成叫段組的塊，能個(gè)別地可擦。閃存用在需要很便宜的非易失數(shù)據(jù)存貯器的地方，一個(gè)大容量的閃存甚至被用作磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器。

G
　　general-purpose computer（通用計(jì)算機(jī)）
　　A combination of computer hardware and software that serves as a
　　general-purpose computing platform. For example, a personal computer. Contrast with embedded system.
　　當(dāng)作通用計(jì)算平臺(tái)的計(jì)算機(jī)硬件與軟件的組合。例如，PC。相對(duì)于嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)。

H
　　HLL
　　See high-level language.
　　查閱高級(jí)語(yǔ)言。
　　Heap（堆）
　　An area of memory that is used for dynamic memory allocation. Calls to malloc and free and the C++ operators new and delete result in run-time manipulation of the heap.
　　一塊被用作動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)存分配的內(nèi)存區(qū)域。調(diào)用malloc和free、C++的操作符new、delete在運(yùn)行時(shí)進(jìn)行堆的操作。
　　high-level language（高級(jí)語(yǔ)言）
　　A language, such as C or C++, that is processor-independent. When programming in a high-level language, it is possible to concentrate on algorithms and applications without worrying about the details of a particular processor.
　　一種語(yǔ)言，象C或C++，是處理器獨(dú)立的。當(dāng)在高級(jí)語(yǔ)言上編程時(shí)，不需要考慮特定處理器的細(xì)節(jié)，只用關(guān)心算法和應(yīng)用。
　　Host（主機(jī)）
　　A general-purpose computer that communicates with the target via a serial port or network connection. This term is usually used to distinguish the compu　　ter on which the debugger is running from the embedded system that is being　developed.
　　一臺(tái)通用計(jì)算機(jī)，它通過串口或網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接與目標(biāo)機(jī)通訊。這處名詞一般用來區(qū)別調(diào)試程
　　序運(yùn)行的計(jì)算機(jī)和被開發(fā)的嵌入式系統(tǒng)。