內(nèi)核中的互斥之我見
/*e4gle:在我修改linux源代碼的過程中曾被大量的內(nèi)核互斥現(xiàn)象所困擾,這需要利用內(nèi)核鎖去解決,雖然最后大部分解決,但我覺得應(yīng)該留下些什么,也沒時(shí)間寫了,偶爾看見這位兄弟的文章,覺得正是我想整理的,所以拿出來給大家分享,關(guān)于bottom_half和中斷的問題,在tcp/ip半底中絕對不能對文件讀寫操作,不然就panic,恰恰我在linux中的增強(qiáng)功能就有這個(gè)操作,使我郁悶了很久,歡迎大家討論
*/
內(nèi)核中的互斥之我見
by wheelz
看了前面各位的討論,我也有些想法,與大家商榷。
需要澄清的是,互斥手段的選擇,不是根據(jù)臨界區(qū)的大小,而是根據(jù)臨界區(qū)的性質(zhì),以及 有哪些部分的代碼,即哪些內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑來爭奪。
從嚴(yán)格意義上說,semaphore和spinlock_XXX屬于不同層次的互斥手段,前者的 實(shí)現(xiàn)有賴于后者,這有點(diǎn)象HTTP和TCP的關(guān)系,都是協(xié)議,但層次是不同的。
先說semaphore,它是進(jìn)程級的,用于多個(gè)進(jìn)程之間對資源的互斥,雖然也是在 內(nèi)核中,但是該內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑是以進(jìn)程的身份,代表進(jìn)程來爭奪資源的。如果 競爭不上,會(huì)有context switch,進(jìn)程可以去sleep,但CPU不會(huì)停,會(huì)接著運(yùn)行 其他的執(zhí)行路徑。從概念上說,這和單CPU或多CPU沒有直接的關(guān)系,只是在 semaphore本身的實(shí)現(xiàn)上,為了保證semaphore結(jié)構(gòu)存取的原子性,在多CPU中需要spinlock來互斥。
在內(nèi)核中,更多的是要保持內(nèi)核各個(gè)執(zhí)行路徑之間的數(shù)據(jù)訪問互斥,這是最基本的互斥問題,即保持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)修改的原子性。semaphore的實(shí)現(xiàn),也要依賴這個(gè)。在單CPU中,主要是中斷和bottom_half的問題,因此,開關(guān)中斷就可以了。在多CPU中,又加上了其他CPU的干擾,因此需要spinlock來幫助。這兩個(gè)部分結(jié)合起來,就形成了spinlock_XXX。它的特點(diǎn)是,一旦CPU進(jìn)入了spinlock_XXX,它就不會(huì)干別的,而是一直空轉(zhuǎn),直到鎖定成功為止。因此,這就決定了被spinlock_XXX鎖住的臨界區(qū)不能停,更不能context switch,要存取完數(shù)據(jù)后趕快出來,以便其他的在空轉(zhuǎn)的執(zhí)行路徑能夠獲得spinlock。這也是spinlock的原則所在。如果當(dāng)前執(zhí)行路徑一定要進(jìn)行context switch,那就要在schedule()之前釋放spinlock,否則,容易死鎖。因?yàn)樵谥袛嗪蚥h中,沒有context,無法進(jìn)行context switch,只能空轉(zhuǎn)等待spinlock,你context switch走了,誰知道猴年馬月才能回來。
因?yàn)閟pinlock的原意和目的就是保證數(shù)據(jù)修改的原子性,因此也沒有理由在spinlock 鎖住的臨界區(qū)中停留。
spinlock_XXX有很多形式,有
spin_lock()/spin_unlock(),
spin_lock_irq()/spin_unlock_irq(),
spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_irqrestore()
spin_lock_bh()/spin_unlock_bh()
local_irq_disable/local_irq_enable
local_bh_disable/local_bh_enable
那么,在什么情況下具體用哪個(gè)呢?這要看是在什么內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑中,以及要與哪些內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑相互斥。我們知道,內(nèi)核中的執(zhí)行路徑主要有:
1 用戶進(jìn)程的內(nèi)核態(tài),此時(shí)有進(jìn)程context,主要是代表進(jìn)程在執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)調(diào)用 等。
2 中斷或者異?;蛘咦韵莸龋瑥母拍钌险f,此時(shí)沒有進(jìn)程context,不能進(jìn)行
context switch。
3 bottom_half,從概念上說,此時(shí)也沒有進(jìn)程context。
4 同時(shí),相同的執(zhí)行路徑還可能在其他的CPU上運(yùn)行。
這樣,考慮這四個(gè)方面的因素,通過判斷我們要互斥的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)被這四個(gè)因素中
的哪幾個(gè)來存取,就可以決定具體使用哪種形式的spinlock。如果只要和其他CPU互斥,就要用spin_lock/spin_unlock,如果要和irq及其他CPU互斥,就要用
spin_lock_irq/spin_unlock_irq,如果既要和irq及其他CPU互斥,又要保存EFLAG的狀態(tài),就要用spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_irqrestore,如果要和bh及其他CPU互斥,就要用spin_lock_bh/spin_unlock_bh,如果不需要和其他CPU互斥,只要和irq互斥,則用local_irq_disable/local_irq_enable,
如果不需要和其他CPU互斥,只要和bh互斥,則用local_bh_disable/local_bh_enable,
等等。值得指出的是,對同一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的互斥,在不同的內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑中,
所用的形式有可能不同(見下面的例子)。
舉一個(gè)例子。在中斷部分中有一個(gè)irq_desc_t類型的結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)組變量irq_desc[],
該數(shù)組每個(gè)成員對應(yīng)一個(gè)irq的描述結(jié)構(gòu),里面有該irq的響應(yīng)函數(shù)等。
在irq_desc_t結(jié)構(gòu)中有一個(gè)spinlock,用來保證存取(修改)的互斥。
對于具體一個(gè)irq成員,irq_desc[irq],對其存取的內(nèi)核執(zhí)行路徑有兩個(gè),一是
在設(shè)置該irq的響應(yīng)函數(shù)時(shí)(setup_irq),這通常發(fā)生在module的初始化階段,或
系統(tǒng)的初始化階段;二是在中斷響應(yīng)函數(shù)中(do_IRQ)。代碼如下:
int setup_irq(unsigned int irq, struct irqaction * new)
{
int shared = 0;
unsigned long flags;
struct irqaction *old, **p;
irq_desc_t *desc = irq_desc + irq;
/*
* Some drivers like serial.c use request_irq() heavily,
* so we have to be careful not to interfere with a
* running system.
*/
if (new->flags SA_SAMPLE_RANDOM) {
/*
* This function might sleep, we want to call it first,
* outside of the atomic block.
* Yes, this might clear the entropy pool if the wrong
* driver is attempted to be loaded, without actually
* installing a new handler, but is this really a problem,
* only the sysadmin is able to do this.
*/
rand_initialize_irq(irq);
}
/*
* The following block of code has to be executed atomically
*/
[1] spin_lock_irqsave(desc->lock,flags);
p = desc->action;
if ((old = *p) != NULL) {
/* Can't share interrupts unless both agree to */
if (!(old->flags new->flags SA_SHIRQ)) {
[2] spin_unlock_irqrestore(desc->lock,flags);
return -EBUSY;
}
/* add new interrupt at end of irq queue */
do {
p = old->next;
old = *p;
} while (old);
shared = 1;
}
*p = new;
if (!shared) {
desc->depth = 0;
desc->status = ~(IRQ_DISABLED | IRQ_AUTODETECT | IRQ_WAITING);
desc->handler->startup(irq);
}
[3] spin_unlock_irqrestore(desc->lock,flags);
register_irq_proc(irq);
return 0;
}
asmlinkage unsigned int do_IRQ(struct pt_regs regs)
{
/*
* We ack quickly, we don't want the irq controller
* thinking we're snobs just because some other CPU has
* disabled global interrupts (we have already done the
* INT_ACK cycles, it's too late to try to pretend to the
* controller that we aren't taking the interrupt).
*
* 0 return value means that this irq is already being
* handled by some other CPU. (or is disabled)
*/
int irq = regs.orig_eax 0xff; /* high bits used in ret_from_ code */
int cpu = smp_processor_id();
irq_desc_t *desc = irq_desc + irq;
struct irqaction * action;
unsigned int status;
kstat.irqs[cpu][irq]++;
[4] spin_lock(desc->lock);
desc->handler->ack(irq);
/*
REPLAY is when Linux resends an IRQ that was dropped earlier
WAITING is used by probe to mark irqs that are being tested
*/
status = desc->status ~(IRQ_REPLAY | IRQ_WAITING);
status |= IRQ_PENDING; /* we _want_ to handle it */
/*
* If the IRQ is disabled for whatever reason, we cannot
* use the action we have.
*/
action = NULL;
if (!(status (IRQ_DISABLED | IRQ_INPROGRESS))) {
action = desc->action;
status = ~IRQ_PENDING; /* we commit to handling */
status |= IRQ_INPROGRESS; /* we are handling it */
}
desc->status = status;
/*
* If there is no IRQ handler or it was disabled, exit early.
Since we set PENDING, if another processor is handling
a different instance of this same irq, the other processor
will take care of it.
*/
if (!action)
goto out;
/*
* Edge triggered interrupts need to remember
* pending events.
* This applies to any hw interrupts that allow a second
* instance of the same irq to arrive while we are in do_IRQ
* or in the handler. But the code here only handles the _second_
* instance of the irq, not the third or fourth. So it is mostly
* useful for irq hardware that does not mask cleanly in an
* SMP environment.
*/
for (;;) {
[5] spin_unlock(desc->lock);
handle_IRQ_event(irq, ®s, action);
[6] spin_lock(desc->lock)
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